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U.S. justices voice doubt about voting rights law
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WASHINGTON -- The Supreme Court's conservative majority strongly suggested Wednesday that a key portion of the landmark legislation protecting minority voting rights is no longer justified, and that the time had come for Southern states to be freed from special federal oversight.
At stake was Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which even challengers credit with delivering the promise of political inclusion to minority voters and eventually leading to the election of the nation's first African-American president.
With the voting rights case and an upcoming decision about whether universities may consider race in admission policies, the court is poised this term to render a powerful verdict on the progress America has made in remedying its history of discrimination and the role government may play in what is left to do.
Next month, in another pair of major civil rights cases, the court will consider the right of same-sex couples to marry and the government's recognition of those unions.
The sharp ideological differences that mark the court have rarely been more on display than in Wednesday's dramatic, at times tense oral argument, which played out before a courtroom full of political leaders such as House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and civil rights activists such as Rep. John Lewis, D-Ga., and the Rev. Jesse Jackson. The justices' questioning of the lawyers was so intense that Chief Justice John Roberts let the session run into overtime.
At issue was the law's Section 5, which requires nine states, mostly in the South, and jurisdictions in other states to "pre-clear" any changes in voting laws with federal authorities.
Justice Antonin Scalia said Congress' decision in 2006 to re-authorize the law was not the result of a studied decision, but of a "phenomenon that is called perpetuation of racial entitlement." Politicians, he said, are afraid to vote against legislation with the "wonderful" name of the Voting Rights Act.
The court's liberals aggressively defended the re-authorization, saying Congress amassed overwhelming evidence of a continued need for Section 5, which covers Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia, as well as Alaska and Arizona, plus parts of seven other states.
"I don't know what they're thinking exactly," Justice Stephen Breyer said of the nearly unanimous majorities in Congress that reauthorized Section 5. "But it seems to me one might reasonably think this: It's an old disease, it's gotten a lot better, a lot better, but it's still there."
The court in 2009 previously considered whether the Section 5's extension was constitutional. The justices decided that case without a definitive answer, but sent an unmistakable message to Congress that the court was dissatisfied with the formula used to determine which states were covered by Section 5.
In the 2009 case, Chief Justice Roberts wrote that such an imposition on state sovereignty must be justified by current needs. "The statute's coverage formula is based on data that is now more than 35 years old, and there is considerable evidence that it fails to account for current political conditions," he wrote for himself and seven other justices. Justice Clarence Thomas said he would have found the re-authorization unconstitutional.
Congress took no action after that decision, and there were signs Wednesday that the court's conservatives had lost patience. Justice Anthony Kennedy, who often casts the deciding vote when the court is ideologically split and is a strong backer of federalism, said the act now leaves Alabama under "the trusteeship of the United States government." He also strongly criticized use of the formula, originally based upon measures such as literacy tests and voter registration percentages, to determine which states were covered by Section 5.
Justice Samuel Alito called the Voting Rights Act "one of the most successful statutes that Congress passed in the 20th century," but nevertheless said the selection of jurisdictions covered by Section 5 made no sense today. Comparing covered jurisdictions with those that are not, he questioned whether discrimination was "a bigger problem in Virginia than in Tennessee, or it's a bigger problem in Arizona than Nevada, or in the Bronx as opposed to Brooklyn."
Solicitor General Donald Verrilli, who along with Debo Adegbile of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund was defending the law's re-authorization, was bluntly asked by Chief Justice Roberts: "Is it the government's submission that the citizens in the South are more racist than citizens in the North?
Mr. Verrilli said the government was not making that claim, but instead was arguing that Congress had found that Section 5 was still needed in those jurisdictions, and, in doing so, was relying on a formula that the court had found constitutional in four previous examinations.
The law was being challenged by Shelby County, Ala., a growing suburb south of Birmingham. The county was represented by Washington lawyer Bert Rein, who said today's Alabama bore "no resemblance" to the state that earned its spot on the 1965 list.
But the liberal justices were armed with statistics. "You're objecting to a formula, but under any formula that Congress could devise, it would capture Alabama," said Justice Elena Kagan, citing findings that a greater proportional number of the act's violations occur in the South.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor said it was a recent violation by a Shelby County town that led to the current case. "Why would we vote in favor of a county whose record is the epitome of what caused the passage of this law to start with?" she asked.
While the discrimination of 1965 may no longer be present, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said that "the discrimination continues in other forms."
The question of deference to Congress provoked the most dramatic moments. When Justice Scalia said the 98-to-0 Senate vote for re-authorization was actually evidence that lawmakers had not seriously considered the issue, Justice Kagan took the unusual step of addressing him directly. "Well, that sounds like a good argument to me, Justice Scalia," she said. "It was clear to 98 senators, including every senator from a covered state, who decided that there was a continuing need for this piece of legislation."
Addressing Mr. Verrilli, Justice Scalia repeated his concern that extending the voting rights law is "not the kind of a question you can leave to Congress."
Mr. Verrilli disagreed, saying, "We are talking about the enforcement power that the Constitution gives to the Congress to make these judgments to ensure protection of fundamental rights."
Section 5's symbolic significance could make the court reluctant to strike it down entirely. Instead, the court could keep the section but declare the formula used to select covered states outdated, and say it must be revisited. The law's proponents say that would effectively doom Section 5, because it would be so hard to get a new formula through a partisan and polarized Congress.
First Published February 28, 2013 12:00 am
